Cardiovascular: myocardial ischemia, pericarditis, aortic dissection, aortic stenosis, pulmonary emboli, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, mitral valve prolapse, pulmonary hypertension, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), aortic insufficiency • Pulmonary: pneumonia, pleuritis, bronchitis, pneumothorax, tumor • Gastrointestinal: esophageal rupture, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), esophageal spasm, Mallory-Weiss tear, peptic ulcer disease, biliary disease, pancreatitis, functional gastrointestinal pain • Musculoskeletal: cervical or thoracic or shoulder disease, costochondritis, subacromial bursitis • Other: anxiety or panic attack, herpes zoster, breast disorders, chest wall tumors, thoracic outlet syndrome, mediastinitis